but in the supplemental readings appendix of Conrad Repeated floods occurred in the Watarase River basin, and 1,600 hectares of farmland and towns and villages in Tochigi and Gunmaprefectures were damaged by the floodwater, which contained excessive inorganic copper compounds from the Ashio mine. On postwar pollution issues, see Imamura Tomoaki et al., “History of Public Health Crises in Japan,” Journal of Public Health Policy 28 (2007): 221-37. But it is driven by a similar logic. See, for example, Apichai W. Shipper, “Criminals or Victims? Japanese story particularly instructive is that the country's boundaries are uncommonly clear and the nature, timing, and extent of external influences on its history are unusually identifiable. rekishi gakkai no kaiko to tenbô." and the Sanriku earthquake/tsunami—and other major disasters during Meiji, As we have seen, there is also an effort in reactionary ecology to locate environmental degradation (and the excesses of capitalism generally) geographically outside of Japan. as geology, anthropology, economics and  history. They write: From ancient times, the Japanese people have believed that deities dwell in the mountains and the rivers, in the grasses and the trees. As the above indicates, fūdo, though its use is sometimes qualified, is an important conceptual resource in current ecological discourse. Yet, I adopt a different approach to the above question by examining the conjuncture of the ecological views I address in this essay with an ongoing discourse on ethnic communitarianism, the deep ecology movement, and Japan’s wartime ideology. Another search using “kankyô” and “rekishi” Primarily a synthesis of secondary literature, Totman opens with the basic geology and biogeography of Japan, then proceeds to the three major epochs of human existence on Japan, those of foragers, agriculturalists, and our recent industrial civilization. Please re-enter recipient e-mail address(es). theme of the text. bibliography of secondary materials on four major disasters during Meiji—the Here, the Japan Council’s immediate aim of course is to use this ecological argument to open up the constitution for revision, ultimately in hopes of revising the “peace clause” article nine. However, Historian Tessa Morris-Suzuki, discussing hate speech in Japan, calls attention to the “Citizens’ League to Deny Foreigners Special Rights” or “Zaitokukai” formed in 2007. It is very successful in that respect. Conrad Totman is Professor Emeritus in Japanese History, Yale University, USA. I am grateful to the reviewers of this article for their comments and suggestions, and to Xinyu Liu, who worked with me as a student research assistant during the initial stages of this project. 155, No. books could be called dictionaries of Japanese natural Yet, reactionary ecology seeks not only to distance Japanese culture from these problems, but to uphold and disseminate the “Japanese view” as the solution. The view of the Japanese people as inherently and harmoniously at one with nature relies not only on the regulative idea of a nature-dominating West, but also on a serious and persistent misreading and distortion of the past. in Environmental Protest and Citizen Politics in Japan. 4, No. “Further,” he states, “they would crack down on such things as the illegal development carried out by foreigners.”45 Yasuda warns of “the buying up of Japanese territory by foreigners,” a practice he claims is linked to grave environmental harm. Fukushima’s Nuclear Contract Workers, Nippon Kaigi and the Radical Conservative Project to Take Back Japan, Japan’s Largest Rightwing Organization: An Introduction to Nippon Kaigi, Remake Politics, Not Nature: Tanaka Shozo’s Philosohies of “Poison” and “Flow” and Japan’s Environment, Freedom of Hate Speech: Abe Shinzo and Japan’s Public Sphere, http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/kihon/about/index.htm. Joan Halifax, “The Third Body: Buddhism, Shamanism, and Deep Ecology,” in Allan Hunt Badiner ed., Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology (Berkeley: Parallax Press, 1990), 24; Devall and Sessions, Deep Ecology, ix, 67, 76. The E-mail Address(es) you entered is(are) not in a valid format. In Monumenta Nipponica in Imperial Japan, just what Totman is reportedly working on now. 4 (2009): 54, 58-59. new product information and updates, reports of conferences and letters. How would the Chinese character be changed? found a recent issue of Chihoshi kenkyû See Tsurumi Kazuko, “Animism and Science,” in Adventure of Ideas: A Collection of Essays on Patterns of Creativity and a Theory of Endogenous Development (Kawaguchi: Japanime, n.d.), 288; Kagawa-Fox, Japan’s Global Environmental Policy, 1, 31-2, 35; Masao Watanabe, “The Conception of Nature in Japanese Culture,” Science Vol. Early agricultural society to 600 CE -- 4. By focusing on alienation as estrangement from culture and tradition, reactionary ecology loses sight of a more concrete form of alienation. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. DS1 .S54. GF51 .K692 1999. See Derek Hall, “Japan’s Role in the Asian Environmental Crisis,” Social Science Japan Journal, Vol. Published eight times a year, British Wildlife bridges the gap between popular writing and Please enter the message. "The lush green mountainous archipelago of today supports a population of over 127 million people and one of the most advanced economies in the world. The environmental element of the social Ishibashi approaches these issues from an empirical standpoint outside of reactionary ecology. There is indeed much we can learn from Japan’s environmental history, but only so long as this history is historical, materialist, and dialectical.58 In contrast to the ahistorical and arbitrary accounts of Japan’s past in reactionary ecology, a careful, inclusive historical reading of Japan’s environmental record is essential, not only to reveal and address the ecological catastrophes in Japan’s history, but also to historicize and invalidate the narrative, concepts, and frameworks of reactionary ecology in Japan, to reveal their mediation by wartime discourse and their oppressive potential, to reveal what reactionary ecology seeks to conceal. John Bellamy Foster et al., The Ecological Rift: Capitalism’s War on the Earth (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2010), 261. that has gotten the attention of English language scholars during this It also has an excellent Rice cultivation and fishing also developed out of Japan’s climatic conditions. He compares the Kyoto School’s emphasis on the Mahayana Buddhist unity of subject and object, self and other, to theories of self-realization in deep ecology and sees the possibility of unifying the two. reading for all who are involved in land management for nature conservation, “Tokugawa Peasants: Win, Lose, or Draw? I. Conrad Totman, one of the world's foremost scholars on Japan, here provides a comprehensive and detailed account of the country's environmental history, from its beginnings to the present day. Ostensibly, the historical record confirms Japan’s unique relation to nature and establishes a model for the world to emulate. 11 (Spring 1989): 71-83; Foster et al., The Ecological Rift, 47, 436-42; Joel Kovel, The Enemy of Nature: The End of Capitalism or the End of the World? At what environmental cost? Courses began to be offered at colleges and universities, and historians Catalogue of Books in English on Japan, 1945-1981. I critique this view by showing that conservative, or more accurately, reactionary ecology in Japan is closely intertwined with ethnic communitarianism, Japan’s wartime ideology of the 1930s, and deep ecology. Totman, has Euro-American (and in some cases Japanese) scholarship on deep ecology and environmental ethics differs from reactionary ecology in Japan in that it is not usually framed within a narrative of one particular nation or culture. Also in Columbia’s Starr library, I found several books that could be useful See Yasuda Yoshinori, Mori o mamoru bunmei, shihai suru bunmei (Tokyo: PHP Shinsho, 1997), 217-18, 220-225. Review (now Environmental History Review). Philosopher Umehara Takeshi is representative of this perspective. Reactionary ecological efforts in Japan to rehabilitate Watsuji and the wartime discourse on nature generally are matters of concern. Moreover, there is a clear binary opposition at work here. ________. Thus, climate explains Japan’s “tolerant polytheism” as opposed to the West’s “intolerant monotheism” and its “character” (one with nature and forest-protecting, a society characterized by unity) versus Western character (anthropocentric and forest-dominating, characterized by individualism).30.

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