The standard age for legal recruitment, per United Nations prompting, is 18 (although a few keep it at 17). To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. These kids have nowhere else to go, trapped in a terrible middle where many of them don’t want to be. Although the spread of light weaponry certainly does play a significant role in the use of child soldiers, it has to be borne in mind that children also participate in conflict without technologically advanced weapons. High-grade military weapons flooded into Africa through illegal channels, making even the youngest child soldier as deadly as any adult. These can be divided into pecuniary and non-pecuniary rewards, with pecuniary rewards mostly consisting of “wages, one-shot monetary rewards (often associated with loot), and other tangible rewards such as drugs and alcohol”.30 Non-pecuniary rewards could include the achievement of rank, bonding with comrades and commanders, and forming a group identity. Dealing with the highly complex issue of recruitment and the reintegration of child soldiers – and, possibly, even the future prevention of their employment – is a very challenging problem with significant consequences and impacts. Drumbl, Mark A. While it took a little while for that idea to catch on, it's something we agree on now as a global community. What if the alternative is worse than becoming a child soldier? They are also psychologically more vulnerable than many adults, who already have a more shaped personality. credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. Future recruitment can be prevented if international agencies know the underlying causes for employing child soldiers. cit., p. 149. Sanin, Francisco G. (2010) Organizing Minors: The Case of Colombia. However, it is crucial not to omit so-called accessibility factors, which describe to which extent children are easily accessible for recruiters.32 Recent studies have suggested that the previously mentioned push and pull factors indeed contribute to children becoming soldiers, but those factors alone do not capture the full picture. In the early 20th century, women in the United States and the UK started petitioning their governments to end child labor. Approximately more than 70 million AK-47 rifles have been produced globally since 1947,16 and this weapon “can be easily carried and used to deadly effect by children as young as 10”.17. Whereas push factors first drive children away from their known environment, pull factors encourage them to join the fighting forces. cit., p. 145. In Gates, Scott and Reich, Simon (eds) op. Mozambique was one nation to share in these experiences. The concentrated use of child soldiers seems to have began in Mozambique in the 1980s, but now has been reported in nearly a dozen nations featuring an estimated 120,000 children. Some kids get driver’s licenses as a right of passage. Still, while these nations formally condemn the use of child soldiers, enforcing these policies among armed rebels is practically impossible. Roméo Dallaire, who encountered child soldiers in the Rwandan genocide, states that more than 50% of the population in many African conflict or post-conflict zones consists of children younger than 18 years old.12 Consequently, one of the reasons for employing child soldiers is that they are viewed as expendable, replaceable and they are cheap to maintain. In Gates, Scott and Reich, Simon (eds) op. “Many of these wars do not formally end through victory or negotiated settlement; they are low-intensity conflicts […]. By understanding the recruitment process of child soldiers, the design of post-conflict reintegration programmes can be improved. If anything violates a child's right to a childhood, this is it. {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | It requires action, however, and that action must start today. Whether this progress continues or not will also depend on the assistance provided to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration. They are also psychologically more vulnerable than many adults, who already have a more shaped personality. Andvig, Jens C. and Gates, Scott (2010) Recruiting Children for Armed Conflict. The war, based on long-standing ethnic rivalries and warlords fighting for power, was extraordinarily violent. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. 's' : ''}}. Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2008). They can be psychologically manipulated through a deliberate programme of starvation, thirst, fatigue, voodoo, indoctrination, beatings, the use of drugs and alcohol, and even sexual abuse to render them compliant to the new norms of child soldiering.14, Still puzzling, though, is the question of how children can actually be effective in direct combat, given the fact that they are smaller and physically weaker than adults?

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