From 1890 to 1908, ten of the eleven former Confederate states, along with Oklahoma upon statehood, passed disfranchising constitutions or amendments that introduced voter registration barriers—such as poll taxes, residency requirements and literacy tests—that were hard for many poor to meet. Pensionable age for women rising from 56.5 to 61.5 between 2018 and 2034. Neither group stayed long at rural farm labor. -RmQ0r7\?0"^3bcHHJe*Jq?YXo^gi'b:%5ll*>7g?1r2P%77b@\R@u#Bgi;*4SkY2 "J0783HN>(d!or9h(@N2`YddVsmU By the 2000 census, the South (along with the West) was leading the nation in population growth. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. ]3&'i>!/o#]?&/`0)i3Uf/9'G2Fek:@[?/?aYK5W"s[[-.-DYj>pRC0Q#>_TZE0^G To the extent that the difference between market and disposable inequality is a measure of the effectiveness of the welfare state, then most countries saw either stability in effectiveness or slight increases, although in most cases (apart from Germany) the change was not large. lHP`8L&2mD_[d==7L*ai4@"iU&"kutB\;d6+)SsIL4^UVIl%*9_&;j0F+5[bq;!sh Source: OECD, Employment Outlook (various years), and European Labour Force Surveys. P*JsHIf8GJi]O9^S+R-M;6oY4#]7=Yf]uKF\$kJ;/aVfadNB"66AOLH" Southern liberals were in a quandary – most of them kept quiet or moderated their liberalism, others switched sides, and the rest continued on the liberal path. :E2R(^WXT-PnR'P34%isPihDo6.AR/>fZMRlJJrb[847ssEjZ"9^f/m1S The retirement age is being increased for both men and women in most instances. In the 17th century, most voluntary immigrants were of English origin, and settled chiefly along the eastern coast but had pushed as far inland as the Appalachian Mountains by the 18th century. Ratchford. !K>XJ'YdTbNpW7n(fI,I3DhLFsDtN&!B9N:J7A 0000002941 00000 n fWmTWB+`O1R?43.+I&@RADUfm]HDf5[(QTo_@Ki>OAq^Y91^L;^6L%3AjFpC*HH=B [citation needed] Numerous Irish immigrants settled in New Orleans, establishing a distinct ethnic enclave now known as the Irish Channel. paBYCco-0FMTbXdM1S!lg.mN#JNqZ&'/1D1c/Mnb@hQ67R9S\$Itb06#g\nhuhHu=nBjpP7?r)aFl4!P\V1i^n:u8Gr;I#mtc%;p`$/1W'0G,;)%YEq&F\p .j@V&=itk(9*@8&VA$;J+PN^b`(Hom7'%[5UHbkJ)=HbX/%eUM'`46TW,$fbaDeg' [RrHB8 h-d`5gI&`/A8#W>B-*iOd6bU:AX]j3ZUafq>$_#3e^%-PA/7Xp8\QLj5Vr =)ba0MPN"^Gg*tqe=m%Q/H?0)Jc! @A,Me9`@fM6+ecAW3 Planters in the Upper South sold slaves excess to their needs as they shifted from tobacco to mixed agriculture. Edwards, Laura F. "Southern History as U.S. History,", This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 12:39. 4KOb>HGPNHhUQp>`+%+QE>i ;f_oLajE\e55OpFlLU '9#WF+p)lKf$#5?ZW3_ekV/fR&`i@Do*:!lAQoM?glJuPTb/JrBcB4 Racial integration of all-white collegiate sports teams was high on the regional agenda in the 1950s and 1960s. 'E88X'G7/(er>%(#:f?r@tp8$$jrjKm\L_7oDRGpi'7\gE%j!bj-p*IA7N?YN!0q& With the exception of Italy, women are much less likely to work part-time in Southern Europe than in continental Europe, although part-time work is also relatively uncommon in France. Since 1997, PAYG early retirement schemes are replaced by capital-funded and actuarially-neutral pre-pension schemes. Under Federal protection, white and black Republicans formed constitutional conventions and state governments. (:'Yb*S-iM>FdO=F'UJ`-r>E\%,Xi>4_K2='./- In other instances, the value of final benefits has been better linked to individual’s previous employment experience. Source: OECD Employment Outlook, various years. Southern Paternalism and the American Welfare State: Economics, Politics, and Institutions in the South, 1865-1965: Alston, Lee J., Ferrie, Joseph P.: Amazon.sg: Books 8;VFibECU>'"ms?i(.am39!RDkI068SO^U\_Ub;"Ig[H!,/q;0AM&h\'4t> :Q,bu!V(XT.u!pNR[!r9:87 Y'Ueb'.\Qbp:C]KG@X*_2LI#^j>*0&40.4P)IDZdd<3&=1HtB@R"c2cQTn+QB)*W0 Especially in Alabama and Florida, rural minorities held control in many state legislatures long after population had shifted to industrializing cities, and legislators resisted business and modernizing interests: Alabama refused to redistrict between 1901 and 1972, long after major population and economic shifts to cities. 0000004153 00000 n "[90], Farming shifted from cotton and tobacco to include cattle, rice, soybeans, corn, and other foods. =)ba0MPN"^Gg*tqe=m%Q/H?0)Jc! *5b8aeCgaTtMegPok)obhkR-F+,)X_g49bcD[g?>+AER948@@_#d;P @-j1s?OQ4=M6c_aise*^INb)(o)TG>2DW4b=ZJj:&q*I;Xg*q$""G3EB,e(i(SG President John F. Kennedy, who had been calling for moderation, threatened to use federal troops to restore order in Birmingham. -FLhBc4.-FM_F$3s6)1>#'I8FJT_W;pIWc:?DYBZfY< $tfHjacn?S&Qr0+7A:PLAku(ZBe\*l&8+t80Yrm/KBaI-*I#i"`slnp?CFQ21(Rs,o\H2i=\^RE$)b!ids#Vh9+sUTjr4)^7Nc&.BKp6TS5t2PeoR\@l)k2? [91], Southern liberals were an essential part of the New Deal coalition – without them Roosevelt lacked majorities in Congress. The South suffered much more than the North overall, as the Union strategy of attrition warfare meant that Lee could not replace his casualties, and the total war waged by Sherman, Sheridan and other Union armies devastated the infrastructure and caused widespread poverty and distress. ]s+]X8s&F/B?kEE&NP;=?Qj0W]BWR;SS,4?S_Qlm%.-tQqk^Mbi9i+U(=J&.Z3"84 H=Ap3MbmJ5l=BThp'9jl%)T-4FGl*7XF5V.,_?2^RCQY[f_f@B^c>D"C=m.Gj:sflJT-qKg2e[E@?Yb"n8*b3cW9'_]G4DtdkIF\rns&c Employment to population ratios for the population aged 15 to 64 years rose inmost countries. There were numerous battles large and small, with each side claiming some victories. !U`jl]0G^_\3ro[)+";9_hM7iD)(AFu"3`UMB\9mX&Vr!imb+/lmWSPA1QY[(lHaLf$@cY.W'5AVH&oVJ SW:WCHcuZ>KK8W4Ap&GB6oj?Q.q:3OJa.nnUNNTtI4uW8(XOC_?Q]%[^?>*dPZ=`3 5%>m0aq9$42jH[#Sp$5/,E1A0+kk 'BRM#d >uS.79oC2*S'^cW&Wiod'"jJF "J0783HN>(d!or9h(@N2`YddVsmU Within a few years cotton production and harvest was back to pre-war levels, but low prices through much of the 19th century hampered recovery. @Y+u-r\M@qd/jW4_YcX\B3u56J?VQ7B6j[-b#-Jf.3",Q;Ee(al,^;m'6gK -Qbuo8kZ#978BC3eN!6FBcbagVVQ=C More commonly, the retirement age for women has been increased to the same as men or closer to the male age. G7>AReqr,6ZP[dC;V9=h3,_#tigXl3@Z&9=M`q'dRJA>- W:pENE0(p8kd9!Qi`(8eEVSa\1WeI4i]+,Ie%-LKdLu4Q;e=HgL8h&m$&h!=34MUs pf_C;fLO/[rtVm36]_!aI@8469ji:M_m7_PU=,aa0(G6BCp&J/K'!Z+>;:dPF(8lC "6%Btb,J79i4 :r'LI1P'4+@WM$.TI8S.JQd(!J'Xcb4^hJOGkss8m5gBsXPE.0:i%@hM-$/>CMXtB "[78], By 1890 Dallas became the largest city in Texas, and by 1900 it had a population of more than 42,000, which more than doubled to over 92,000 a decade later. It is also difficult to summarise meaningfully the full range of reforms to social protection that have been introduced in the last decade. 27This paper has highlighted a number of similarities and differences between continental and Southern European welfare states. `ek+($"#UDBK+NrN"$1Lh+c_RJ`31d.Z@f3GdBs2AgL5f@PO<6NiS+kkV-7UHNcUb According to 2003 report by researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Virginia Beach, Charlotte, Nashville-Davidson, and Jacksonville were the five most integrated of the nation's fifty largest cities, with Memphis at number six. gT`]7IrAirV1)^g14MGgROXg)ul:AV.FKf'Yq%7S\N's0CS D.Pl=S5. Share of trade in GDP Current account balance CPI 2000=100 Government net borrowing Government debt USD in PPPs, 2002 1995-2000 2000-03 2003 % of GDP 1995 2003 % of GDP % of GDP Austria 28,872 2.9 0.9 51.0 -0.6 93.3 105.9 -1.25 69.7 Belgium 27,716 2.7 1.0 80.9 3.1 92.1 105.8 0.31 104.9 France 27,217 2.8 1.2 25.2 1.0 94.2 105.8 -4.14 71.2 Germany 25,917 1.8 0.3 34.0 2.2 93.9 104.5 -2.82 65.2 Luxembourg 49,150 7.1 2.3 131.4 9.9 90.9 106.9 0.78 5.3 Netherlands 29,009 3.7 0.4 60.1 1.5 89.9 109.9 -3.22 63.2 Greece 18,439 3.5 4.1 24.4 -6.5 79.0 110.9 -4.65 109.9 Italy 25,568 1.9 0.8 25.1 -1.5 88.7 108.1 -2.49 120.9 Portugal 18,434 3.9 0.3 33.4 -5.1 87.6 111.6 -2.81 70.3 Spain 22,406 3.9 2.5 28.8 -3.0 87.9 110.0 0.41 59.4 OECD 25,810 3.3 1.6 43.1 81.2 108.9 -3.68 EU-15 26,019 48.1 90.6 108.9 -2.75 Source: OECD Factbook (2005).

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