[43]:118 Henry reached a truce with the raiding Magyars, and in 933 he won a first victory against them in the Battle of Riade. After his son Philip married Queen Mary of England, it appeared that France would be completely surrounded by Habsburg domains, but this hope proved unfounded when the marriage produced no children. [21] The form "Holy Roman Empire" is attested from 1254 onward. Higher-ranking princes had individual votes, while lower-ranking princes were grouped into "colleges" by geography. After Rudolf's death in 1291, Adolf and Albert were two further weak kings who were never crowned emperor. It therefore proved somewhat damaging that Sigismund of Luxemburg (king 1410, emperor 1433–1437) and Frederick III of Habsburg (king 1440, emperor 1452–1493) neglected the old core lands of the empire and mostly resided in their own lands. On his deathbed, Conrad yielded the crown to his main rival, Henry the Fowler of Saxony, who was elected king at the Diet of Fritzlar in 919. [78], When Regensburg served as the site of the Diet, France and, in the late 1700s, Russia, had diplomatic representatives there. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? In the territories (not at the level of the Empire), power became increasingly bundled: whoever owned the land had jurisdiction, from which other powers derived. As his son, Frederick II, though already elected king, was still a small child and living in Sicily, German princes chose to elect an adult king, resulting in the dual election of Frederick Barbarossa's youngest son Philip of Swabia and Henry the Lion's son Otto of Brunswick, who competed for the crown. It eliminated lay investiture while leaving secular leaders some room for unofficial but significant influence in the appointment process. Henry IV: This illustration shows Henry IV requesting mediation from Matilda of Tuscany and abbot Hugh of Cluny. Within this court, the Emperor appointed the chief justice, always a highborn aristocrat, several divisional chief judges, and some of the other puisne judges. For electors the title became hereditary, and they were given the right to mint coins and to exercise jurisdiction. [50]:101–134 In the wake of the Cluniac Reforms, this involvement was increasingly seen as inappropriate by the Papacy. Almost immediately, King Philip IV of France began aggressively seeking support for his brother, Charles of Valois, to be elected the next King of the Romans. %PDF-1.7 %���� In 951, Otto came to the aid of Adelaide, the widowed queen of Italy, defeating her enemies, marrying her, and taking control of Italy. This ensured for the first time that all the realms of what is now Spain would be united by one monarch under one nascent Spanish crown. Upon Henry’s death, Otto I, his son and designated successor, was elected King in Aachen in 936.

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